While most modern commentators accept that differences over religion and Imperial authority were important factors in causing the war, they argue its scope and extent were driven by the contest for European dominance between Habsburg-ruled Spain and Austria, and the French House of Bourbon. The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the Empire into Lutheran and Catholic states, but over the next 50 years the expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries destabilised the settlement. Until the 20th century, historians generally viewed the war as a continuation of the religious struggle initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Dutch-Portuguese War and the Portuguese Restoration War. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Transylvanian invasion of Hungary and Moravia (1643-1645).If you enjoy this product, please leave a positive comment.Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626) Great review questions are at the end and of course answer key is included. Additionally, this product describes the titanic struggle between the catholic and Protestant forces, the decline of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg family, and the rise of Sweden and France. The product also explores some of the critical battles such as Breitenfeld, Lutzen and Rocroi. This product is a must in any exploration of the mid-17th century as it also describes the major leaders of the era (Emperor Ferdinand II, Count of Tilly, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richelieu). This product also has excellent maps and pictures to aid in your students ability to learn about this important and tumultuous time period.
This product is called "Europe's Tragedy" as the conflict continued for three decades and claimed the lives of perhaps 4 million people. This product is awesome informational text exploring an unbelievable conflict of the 17th century: The Thirty Years' War.
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